Chandra Shekhar Biography

 Chandra Shekhar was an Indian politician and the ninth Prime Minister of India. He was born on July 1, 1927, in Ibrahimpatti, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Early Life and Education:

Chandra Shekhar was born to Pandit Sita Ram Tiwari and Jagrani Devi in a Brahmin family. He completed his schooling from Khrist Raja High School in Ballia and later obtained a degree in science from Allahabad University.

Family:

Chandra Shekhar came from a humble background and his father, Shri Sukhdev Singh, was a farmer. Chandra Shekhar was married to Duja Devi, and they had two sons, Pankaj Singh and Neeraj Shekhar, who is a politician and a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian parliament.

Chandra Shekhar's family was an integral part of his life, and he maintained a close relationship with them despite his busy schedule as a politician. His wife, Duja Devi, was known to be a supportive and devoted wife who played a crucial role in his political career. Chandra Shekhar's son, Neeraj Shekhar, followed in his father's footsteps and joined politics, representing the Samajwadi Party in the Rajya Sabha.

Political Career:

Chandra Shekhar began his political career as a member of the Praja Socialist Party (PSP). He was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1962 and later became the President of the PSP in 1974. He joined the Janata Party in 1977 and served as the Minister of Home Affairs in the Morarji Desai government.

In 1980, Chandra Shekhar left the Janata Party and formed the Lok Dal. He played a crucial role in forming the Janata Dal in 1988 and served as the President of the party.

In 1990, Chandra Shekhar became the Prime Minister of India with the support of the Congress Party. During his short tenure, he introduced several economic and social reforms, including the creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forests and the decision to implement the Mandal Commission Report, which recommended reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in government jobs and educational institutions.

Chandra Shekhar's government was short-lived, and he resigned in 1991 after failing to secure a majority in the Lok Sabha.

Death and Legacy:

Chandra Shekhar died on July 8, 2007, at the age of 80 due to multiple organ failure. He is remembered as a politician who fought for the rights of the underprivileged and marginalized sections of Indian society. His decision to implement the Mandal Commission Report and provide reservations to OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions remains a significant milestone in India's history.

Vishwanath Pratap Singh Biography.

 Vishwanath Pratap Singh, popularly known as V.P. Singh, was an Indian politician and the eighth Prime Minister of India. He was born on June 25, 1931, in Allahabad, India.

Early Life and Education:

V.P. Singh was born to Raja Bahadur Ram Gopal Singh and Rani Rajeshwari Devi in Allahabad. He completed his schooling from Colvin Taluqdars' College in Lucknow and graduated from the University of Allahabad with a degree in Commerce and Law.

Family:

V.P. Singh was married to Sita Kumari, and they had three sons together - Ajeya Singh, Abhai Singh, and Abhijit Singh. Ajeya Singh, also known as Ajeya Pratap Singh, is a politician and was elected as a Member of Parliament from the Kaiserganj constituency in Uttar Pradesh. Abhai Singh is a businessman, and Abhijit Singh is a social worker.

V.P. Singh's family continues to be involved in politics, with Ajeya Singh being a prominent leader of the Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh. V.P. Singh's legacy is remembered for his contributions to the Indian political landscape, particularly his advocacy for social justice and his efforts to combat corruption.

Political Career:

V.P. Singh began his political career as a member of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) in Uttar Pradesh. He later joined the Indian National Congress and was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1971. He served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1980 to 1982 and again from 1985 to 1988.

In 1989, V.P. Singh formed the Janata Dal, a coalition of several opposition parties, and became the Prime Minister of India. During his tenure, he introduced several economic and social reforms, including the Mandal Commission Report, which recommended reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in government jobs and educational institutions. This decision sparked nationwide protests and led to V.P. Singh's resignation in 1990.

After leaving the Janata Dal, V.P. Singh formed the Jan Morcha and later the Janata Dal (Socialist) party. He served as the Minister of Defence in the United Front government from 1996 to 1998.

V.P. Singh was known for his efforts to curb corruption in government and for his advocacy of social justice and equality. He was also a strong supporter of farmers' rights and introduced several measures to improve their condition.

Death and Legacy:

Vishwanath Pratap Singh, also known as V.P. Singh, passed away on November 27, 2008, in New Delhi, India. He was 77 years old at the time of his death. The cause of his death was multiple organ failure, and he had been ill for some time before his passing.

After his death, V.P. Singh was mourned by people across India, particularly those who remembered his contributions to Indian politics, particularly his efforts to combat corruption and his advocacy for social justice. His legacy continues to be remembered and celebrated by people in India, particularly those who support his vision for a more equitable and just society.

He is remembered as a politician who fought for the welfare of the underprivileged and marginalized sections of Indian society. His decision to implement the Mandal Commission Report and provide reservations to OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions remains a significant milestone in India's history.

Rajiv Gandhi Biography.

 Rajiv Gandhi was an Indian politician and the sixth Prime Minister of India. He was born on August 20, 1944, in Mumbai, India. His father, Indira Gandhi, was also a Prime Minister of India. Rajiv Gandhi served as the Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989.

Early Life and Education:

Rajiv Gandhi was the eldest son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi. He studied at the Doon School in Dehradun and later went to the United Kingdom to study at the Imperial College, London. He also studied Mechanical Engineering at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Family:

Rajiv Gandhi was the elder son of Indira Gandhi, who was the Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984, and her husband Feroze Gandhi, who was a prominent Indian politician. Rajiv Gandhi was married to Sonia Gandhi, who is also a prominent politician in India and a former President of the Indian National Congress party. They had two children, Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi Vadra.

Rajiv Gandhi's brother, Sanjay Gandhi, was also involved in politics and served as an advisor to his mother, Indira Gandhi, during her time as Prime Minister. However, Sanjay Gandhi died in a plane crash in 1980, leaving Rajiv Gandhi as the sole surviving son of Indira Gandhi.

Rajiv Gandhi's son, Rahul Gandhi, is also a politician and has served as the President of the Indian National Congress party. His daughter, Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, is involved in politics as well and has held various positions within the Congress party.

Political Career:

Rajiv Gandhi entered politics in 1980 after the assassination of his younger brother, Sanjay Gandhi. He was elected to the Indian Parliament from his father's constituency, Amethi, in 1981. He was appointed as the General Secretary of the Congress Party in 1983 and became the Prime Minister of India in 1984 after the assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi.

As Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi implemented several policies to modernize the country, including computerizing the government, reducing bureaucratic red tape, and promoting foreign investment. He also launched several ambitious projects, including the "1985 Rural Electrification Scheme," which aimed to provide electricity to all villages in India.

However, his tenure as Prime Minister was not without controversy. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, which occurred in 1984, resulted in the deaths of thousands of people and raised questions about the government's handling of the situation. His government was also accused of corruption, and the Bofors scandal, which involved kickbacks in a defense contract, was a major issue during his tenure.

Death:

Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated on May 21, 1991, while campaigning for the Lok Sabha elections in Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. The assassination was carried out by a suicide bomber from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a Sri Lankan separatist group.

Legacy:

Rajiv Gandhi is remembered for his efforts to modernize India and his contributions to the country's technological advancement. He was instrumental in launching the National Policy on Education and the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, which aimed to provide employment to the rural poor. The Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, a non-profit organization, was established in his memory to promote education, health, and rural development in India.

Charan Singh Biography

 Charan Singh was an Indian politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister of India for a brief period from July 1979 to January 1980. Here is a brief biography of his life:

Early Life and Career:

Charan Singh was born on December 23, 1902, in Noorpur, a town in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh, India. After completing his education, he began his career as a lecturer in the Meerut College. Later, he joined the Indian Civil Service and served in various administrative positions before resigning in 1952 to join active politics.

Family:

Charan Singh was born into a Jat family of farmers. His father's name was Sardar Ram Singh and his mother's name was Rampyari Devi. He was the fifth child in a family of eight siblings.

Charan Singh was married to Gayatri Devi, and they had five children together - four daughters and one son. Their son, Ajit Singh, also became a prominent politician in India and served as the Union Minister of Agriculture in the Indian government.

Charan Singh's daughters are named Virendra Kumari, Saroj Kumari, Raj Kumari and Malti Devi. Virendra Kumari was married to Jagjit Singh, the Maharaja of Kapurthala. Saroj Kumari was married to Raja Shekhar Chand of Kangra. Raj Kumari was married to Rajendra Singh, the Maharaja of Bharatpur.

Charan Singh's family continues to be involved in politics, with his grandson Jayant Chaudhary being a prominent leader of the Rashtriya Lok Dal party in Uttar Pradesh.

Involvement in Indian Politics:

Charan Singh was a staunch advocate of the rights of farmers and worked tirelessly to improve their condition. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party but later formed his own party, the Bharatiya Kranti Dal, to represent the interests of farmers.

Political Career:

Charan Singh was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, in 1952 and served as the Agriculture Minister in the government of Jawaharlal Nehru from 1967 to 1970. He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister in the government of Morarji Desai from 1977 to 1979.

Prime Ministerial Tenure:

Charan Singh became the Prime Minister of India in July 1979, after the fall of the government led by Morarji Desai. However, his government lasted only for a few months, as he was unable to secure a majority in the Parliament. His tenure was marked by several controversies, including the dismissal of the Congress governments in several states and the arrest of several opposition leaders.

Retirement and Legacy:

Charan Singh retired from active politics in the 1980s and spent his later years writing books and articles on agriculture and rural development. He was also involved in various social and charitable organizations. Charan Singh is remembered as a champion of the rights of farmers and a leader who dedicated his life to the service of the nation.

Death:

Charan Singh died on May 29, 1987, in New Delhi, India, at the age of 84. He had been suffering from a prolonged illness, and he was hospitalized for several months before his death. His death was caused by multiple organ failure.

Charan Singh's death was mourned by people across India, particularly in his home state of Uttar Pradesh. His funeral was attended by a large number of people, including politicians from different parties and members of the public.

After his death, Charan Singh was cremated in his ancestral village, Noorpur, in Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh. His legacy continues to be remembered by people in India, particularly those who support his emphasis on farmers' rights and his advocacy for rural development.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Charan Singh was a prominent leader in Indian politics who fought tirelessly for the rights of farmers and worked to improve their condition. He served as the Prime Minister of India for a brief period but his legacy as a champion of the poor and marginalized continues to inspire people to this day.

How Many States And Union Territories in india.

 India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 Union Territories. Each state has its own elected government and legislative assembly, while the Union Territories are governed by the President of India through an appointed administrator or lieutenant governor.

How Many States And Union Territories in india.

The 28 states and their capitals are

1. Andhra Pradesh - Amaravati

2. Arunachal Pradesh - Itanagar

3. Assam - Dispur

4. Bihar - Patna

5. Chhattisgarh - Raipur

6. Goa - Panaji

7. Gujarat - Gandhinagar

8. Haryana - Chandigarh (shared with Punjab)

9. Himachal Pradesh - Shimla

10. Jharkhand - Ranchi

11. Karnataka - Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore)

12. Kerala - Thiruvananthapuram

13. Madhya Pradesh - Bhopal

14. Maharashtra - Mumbai

15. Manipur - Imphal

16. Meghalaya - Shillong

17. Mizoram - Aizawl

18. Nagaland - Kohima

19. Odisha (formerly Orissa) - Bhubaneswar

20. Punjab - Chandigarh (shared with Haryana)

21. Rajasthan - Jaipur

22. Sikkim - Gangtok

23. Tamil Nadu - Chennai

24. Telangana - Hyderabad

25. Tripura - Agartala

26. Uttar Pradesh - Lucknow

27. Uttarakhand - Dehradun

28. West Bengal - Kolkata

The 8 Union Territories and their capitals are:

1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands - Port Blair

2. Chandigarh - Chandigarh

3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu - Daman

4. Lakshadweep - Kavaratti

5. Delhi - New Delhi

6. Puducherry - Puducherry

7. Jammu and Kashmir - Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)

8. Ladakh - Leh

Conclusion:

In conclusion, India is a diverse country with 28 states and 8 Union Territories, each with its own unique culture, language, and customs. The Indian constitution provides for a federal system of government, with powers divided between the central government and the state governments, allowing for a balance between unity and diversity.

Delhi

 Delhi

 is a Union Territory and the capital city of India. It is located in the northern part of the country and covers an area of 1,484 square kilometers. Delhi has a population of over 18 million people, making it the second most populous city in India after Mumbai.

History:

Delhi has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. It has been ruled by several dynasties, including the Mauryas, Mughals, and British. In 1911, Delhi was declared the capital of British India. After India gained independence in 1947, Delhi became the capital of the newly formed Indian Union.

Culture:

Delhi is a melting pot of cultures and is known for its vibrant art, music, and food scenes. The city is home to several historical monuments, including the Red Fort, Qutub Minar, and Humayun's Tomb, which are popular tourist attractions. Delhi is also known for its street food, which includes chaat, kebabs, and parathas.

Language:

Hindi and English are the official languages of Delhi. However, several other languages are also spoken in the city, including Punjabi, Urdu, and Bengali.

Economy:

Delhi has a diverse economy, with several industries, including manufacturing, IT, and services, contributing to its growth. The city is also an important center for trade and commerce and has a thriving retail sector. The government is also a major employer in Delhi, with several government offices located in the city.

Administrative Divisions:

Delhi is divided into 11 districts, each of which is further divided into several sub-divisions. The city is governed by the Delhi government, headed by the Chief Minister. The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, who is appointed by the President of India, is the administrator of the Union Territory.

Transportation:

Delhi has a well-developed transportation infrastructure, with several modes of transport, including buses, metro, taxis, and auto-rickshaws, connecting different parts of the city. The Delhi Metro, which is a rapid transit system, is one of the largest and busiest metro systems in the world. The city is also well-connected to other parts of India by air and rail, with the Indira Gandhi International Airport and the New Delhi Railway Station serving as major transportation hubs.

Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep

 Lakshadweep is a Union Territory located in the Arabian Sea off the west coast of India. It is a group of 36 coral islands, 10 of which are inhabited, with a total land area of 32 square kilometers. The territory has a population of around 65,000 people, most of whom are Muslim and speak Malayalam and Mahl.

History:

Lakshadweep was ruled by various local chieftains until it was annexed by the British East India Company in the early 19th century. After India gained independence in 1947, the territory became a part of the Indian Union. In 1973, Lakshadweep was declared a Union Territory and was granted a limited degree of self-government.

Culture:

Lakshadweep has a rich cultural heritage, with a blend of South Indian and Arab influences. The people of Lakshadweep are known for their traditional music and dance forms, which are performed during festivals and other cultural events. The territory is also known for its handicrafts, which include items made from coconut shells, shells, and coral.

Language:

The official languages of Lakshadweep are Malayalam and Mahl, which is a dialect of Divehi, the language spoken in the Maldives.

Economy:

The economy of Lakshadweep is largely dependent on fishing and tourism. The territory is known for its abundant marine resources, including tuna and other fish species. Tourism is also an important industry, with several pristine beaches and coral reefs attracting visitors from all over the world.

Administrative Divisions:

Lakshadweep is divided into 10 inhabited islands and several smaller uninhabited islands. The territory is governed by an administrator appointed by the President of India.

Transportation:

Lakshadweep is accessible only by sea and air. The territory has a domestic airport on the island of Agatti, which is connected to several cities in India. Ships also operate between the islands and the mainland, with regular services connecting the islands to Kochi in Kerala.