Jawaharlal Nehru Biography: Life, Role in Freedom Struggle and First Prime Minister of India

Jawaharlal Nehru Biography

Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was India’s first Prime Minister and one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement. Known as “Pandit Nehru,” he played a key role in shaping modern India with his vision for democracy, secularism, and development. He is also remembered fondly as “Chacha Nehru” by children.

Early Life and Education

Nehru was born in Allahabad (now Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh) into a wealthy and influential family. His father, Motilal Nehru, was a renowned lawyer and a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress. Nehru received his early education from private tutors at home before moving to England at the age of 15.

He studied at Harrow School and later graduated in natural sciences from Trinity College, Cambridge. After completing his degree, Nehru studied law at the Inner Temple, London, and returned to India in 1912 as a barrister. However, his interest soon turned towards politics and India’s freedom struggle.

Entry into Indian Politics

Initially, Nehru was influenced by the moderates within the Congress Party. However, Mahatma Gandhi’s arrival on the political scene deeply impressed him. Nehru was drawn towards Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and mass movements, but at the same time, he leaned towards socialist ideas and internationalism.

He actively participated in movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), and was jailed several times for his participation in protests against British rule.

Role in Independence Movement

As one of the most charismatic leaders of the Congress, Nehru became popular among the youth. His speeches inspired millions to join the freedom struggle. He believed in industrialization, scientific progress, and secularism as the foundation of a modern India.

• In 1929, Nehru became the President of the Indian National Congress and hoisted the tricolor flag on the banks of the Ravi River, declaring Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as India’s ultimate goal.
• He worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi, balancing mass movements with his modern and international outlook.
• During World War II, Nehru opposed British policies and strongly supported the Quit India Movement of 1942.

First Prime Minister of India

After India gained independence in 1947, Nehru became the country’s first Prime Minister. His famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech on 14 August 1947 remains one of the most historic addresses in Indian history.

As Prime Minister, Nehru laid the foundation of India’s political and economic policies. He emphasized democracy, secularism, industrialization, scientific research, and education.

• Established the Planning Commission and introduced Five-Year Plans for economic development.
• Promoted higher education and founded institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs).
• Encouraged scientific research by supporting the Indian Space Research program and the Atomic Energy Commission.
• Followed a foreign policy based on Non-Alignment, keeping India independent from both US and Soviet blocs during the Cold War.

Personal Life

Jawaharlal Nehru married Kamala Kaul in 1916. Their daughter, Indira Gandhi, went on to become India’s first and only woman Prime Minister. Nehru was known for his love for children, who affectionately called him Chacha Nehru. In his honor, his birthday on 14 November is celebrated every year as Children’s Day in India.

Later Years and Death

Nehru served as Prime Minister for 17 years, making him the longest-serving PM in Indian history until then. However, his tenure also saw challenges, including the partition, refugee crisis, and the 1962 Indo-China War. The defeat against China was a major blow to his leadership and health.

He passed away on 27 May 1964. His death was mourned by millions across the country and the world, marking the end of an era in Indian politics.

Legacy

Jawaharlal Nehru’s legacy lies in his vision of a modern, secular, and democratic India. His policies of industrial growth, education, and scientific development transformed India into a forward-looking nation. Though his policies are debated even today, Nehru remains one of the most important architects of independent India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Why is Jawaharlal Nehru called Chacha Nehru?

He was very fond of children, and his love and affection earned him the name “Chacha Nehru.” Children’s Day is celebrated on his birthday, 14 November.

2. What was Jawaharlal Nehru’s role in the independence struggle?

He was a senior Congress leader, participated in Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India Movements, and declared complete independence in 1929.

3. What were Nehru’s biggest achievements as Prime Minister?

He established higher education institutions, promoted industrialization, laid the foundation of democracy, and followed a policy of Non-Alignment in international relations.

4. When did Nehru become India’s first Prime Minister?

He became Prime Minister on 15 August 1947 and served until his death in 1964.